With the popularity of national instrumental music and the continuous development of related education and teaching, erhu teaching has also developed a newer and more complete concept. In teaching, teachers should start from their own teaching practice, and at the same time have scientific theories and standardized and rigorous teaching plans, combined with the differences in each student's cognitive style and ability, and teach students according to their aptitude, so as to be different from person to person, foster strengths and avoid weaknesses , and with a step-by-step teaching method, the courage to innovate and the enterprising spirit of scholarship, gradually select textbooks reasonably and appropriately, formulate personalized teaching plans, and guide students to actively cooperate and practice hard, so as to achieve good teaching results.

1. Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude

1. Overcome the shackles of conventional thinking

From the perspective of the development of education and teaching, when teachers impart their musical knowledge and performance experience to students, they do not insist on uniformity. The great ancient educator Confucius not only recognized that people are different, but also practiced the principle of teaching students according to their aptitude. For example, he said, "Chai is also stupid, Shen is also Lu, the teacher is also open, and You is also good." Personality differences are well understood, and students develop their own characteristics. The answers to the same question raised by different students should also be adjusted according to the specific situation, and there should be different requirements for students in terms of performance.

2. Two different cognitive styles: field-dependent and field-independent

(1) Concept and measurement

At present, the characteristics of students' cognitive style are more and more concerned by educators. Cognitive styles are generally used to describe the different ways students are accustomed to when processing information (including receiving, storing, transforming, extracting and using information). close relationship. American psychologist Herman Witkin pointed out that some people are more influenced by the environmental information they see when they perceive stimuli and analyze and judge; some people are more influenced by cues from the inside of the body. He called those that are greatly affected by environmental factors as field-dependent, and those that are not or rarely affected by environmental factors are called field-independent. Psychologists are now taking experimental methods such as the "Physical Adaptation Test" and "Rod and Box Test" to measure field dependence and independence. In the physical adaptation test, the subject sits in a small inclined room and is asked to adjust his body. Field-dependent subjects often adjust their body to be in line with the inclined room, indicating that when determining the position of the body, the environment should be adjusted. as the main reference. The field-independent subjects paid less attention to the position of the room when adjusting their bodies, and more to use the experience from the inside of the body as the main reference. Studies have shown that field-dependent students are more likely to accept cues from others, and their learning effort is often affected by external factors. Therefore, field-dependent students learn better when the incentives come from external sources, while field-independent students are intrinsically motivated. Learning under the influence often leads to better learning effects. In the teaching of erhu, teachers should explain more about the content of each paragraph of the repertoire, the changes of the bow and timbre, and give more performance demonstrations for some special skills and difficult paragraphs. For students who are independent in the field, after formulating a correct playing style framework, they should guide and encourage students to take the initiative, study the differences in musical passages, independently formulate bowing and fingering, and carefully figure out the connotation of the music.

(2) Strengthen the relationship between response and teaching

Positive reinforcement is a good way to influence and stimulate students' interest and motivation in learning. However, the situations in which students like and respond to different reinforcements vary widely. In the teaching practice of erhu, different types of teaching repertoire should be formulated according to students' interests and specific performance skills, and at the same time, teaching methods should be actively adjusted so that students of different performance levels have the passion for learning and the desire to learn. In addition, the matching of field orientation between teachers and students (teaching methods and teaching methods) will also have a certain impact on students' learning effects. Usually, when the students' cognitive style is consistent with the teacher's (that is, matching), the performance content taught by the teacher can be easily understood and quickly mastered by the students. In the case of mismatch, the learning of field-dependent students is adversely affected, and frequent feedback information is required, and timely feedback is better than delayed feedback. On the contrary, the students with field independence have stronger self-learning ability and are less affected by external unfavorable factors. Therefore, in erhu teaching, teachers should actively adjust the teaching methods, think about how to match the teaching strategies with the learning needs of different students, and how to play a positive role in strengthening students' responses.

2. The scientific use of various teaching methods

1. Ask questions. In the teaching of erhu, students should be the center, and students should be trained to observe and feel by themselves. Encourage them to think independently, actively guide each student to clearly recognize their own strengths and weaknesses, and consciously discover problems and deficiencies in their learning. Learning starts from thinking, thinking comes from doubt, and doubt stimulates thinking, so as to discover and solve problems. Through positive thinking, students learn to check various problems of the music they play by themselves. This method also makes students gradually become their own teachers, which greatly improves the learning efficiency.

2. Prompt action method. Some students may have to go through the problem of changing hands or playing methods during the learning process, and for many students, this can be a very difficult process. The repetition of right, wrong and wrong is very strong, because during the practice, the brain cannot correctly remind the left and right hands to do the correct movements every time. There are also some students who practice basic skills such as changing bars or vibrato alone, and the essentials and performance methods have met the teacher's requirements, but when they are comprehensively applied to the performance of the music, there will be old problems in playing the hand shape or the essentials of movement. How can we overcome these difficulties? First of all, keep the correct action essentials in mind, and make notes next to each error-prone note on the score before practicing, then train your eyes to read the notes and remind your brain to think about the essentials of action. During the meticulous and standardized slow practice process Remind yourself to form the correct playing formula. For example, when exchanging the handle, first relax the tiger's mouth according to the correct method of the teacher, and at the same time, the joints such as the upper and lower arms are coordinated and mastered according to the law of motion, and are repeatedly proficient to the subconscious level, so that the knowledge is accurate. In the practice of the music, through the coordination of the eyes and the brain, the accuracy of each joint of the arm is controlled and adjusted, so that the heart and the hand are unified, which is foolproof.

3. Practice sentences, paragraphs, and difficult points. The teacher guides the students to separate out the difficulties in the music or etudes, and guides the students to carefully figure out the omissions, negligence and imperfections and practice slowly and repeatedly. When dealing with technical difficulties, they should concentrate their energy and break through them carefully. Changes should be carefully carved; different sections of the same piece of music should be compared with different strengths, such as changing strings, vibrating strings, bowing, etc., to find the best point of the layout, etc., which can shorten the practice time of the whole piece and achieve The effect of getting twice the result with half the effort can fully mobilize the main body participation of students, let students use their own brains to analyze and think about problems, and develop the habit of often seeing, listening, thinking, and remembering with their eyes, and finding and solving problems in time.

3. Improve music analysis ability

China is a multi-ethnic country. The erhu itself was developed from the Xiqin of the Xi tribe. It was passed down to the Hu people and became the huqin. After hundreds of years, it spread to the north and south of the Yangtze River and developed into a modern erhu. It has a profound cultural heritage and features formed by the changes of the times and regional differences. Most of the erhu music contains extremely charming musical emotions and has a unique national charm. In the teaching process, we often find that some students perform the music completely and smoothly, and the left and right hand skills are also very accurate and standardized, but it sounds empty and boring, has no musical appeal and expressiveness, and lacks musical beauty and emotional connotation. . This is because they lacked a deep and detailed analysis and understanding of the works, did not have a deep understanding of the time background, regional styles and emotions expressed by the author, and did not fully devote themselves to the music. In teaching, teachers need to adopt appropriate teaching methods to correctly guide students to analyze and understand the works, and to carefully analyze the different emotional expressions of each phrase, each section and the whole piece of music. The following four aspects should be mainly focused on:

1. Timeliness. The ancient song "Three Stacks of Sunshine" originated from a Tang poem, "I persuade you to have a glass of wine, and there is no old friend when you leave Yangguan in the west." It should be loose and tight, the glissando should be light, not too strong, the speed and strength of the finger sliding should be controlled, not too fast or too tight, and strive to make the shape loose, so as to imitate the special technique and unique charm of Guqin, and reflect the music. The ancient sense of the times and the breath of ancient literati. Grasp the sadness of the music when playing, the situation is in harmony with the situation. The long and slow melody reminds people of the farewell scene of the ancients walking slowly and the reluctance to part with the host and the guest, which is full of melancholy and immersive.

2. Regional. my country has a vast territory and many ethnic groups, and different dialects form strong musical styles in different regions. Before playing, we must accurately grasp the musical styles of each region. The southern school erhu has a delicate and sweet pronunciation, and there are many left-handed flowers, such as "Jiangnan Spring" and "Sunan Xiaoqu". The northern school erhu has a strong and powerful pronunciation, focusing on bowing with the right hand and multi-purpose pulling, pressing and kneading, such as "Capriccio on the Theme of Qin Opera" and "Shuhuai in Northern Shaanxi". In addition, folk songs and operas are also important factors in the formation of the erhu style. For example, in Inner Mongolian style "Mengfeng", the theme of the music is a melody rich in local color created by the author on the basis of the long tones of Mongolian folk songs. As the erhu plays a sonorous and powerful theme, it depicts the battlefield atmosphere of galloping horses, billowing gunpowder, and soldiers swooping. The music uses a large number of thirds and fast slides to imitate the performance of the matouqin, highlighting the relaxed feeling of running in the vast prairie and the praise of the hometown. Quickly shake the bow with double strings, and gradually move upward from weak to strong, interpreting the vivid scene of the horse running fast. Another "Henan Xiaoqu" is a famous erhu music composed of Henan opera tones. It vividly expresses Henan people's praise and mastery of their hometown with fresh melody, strong local flavor and rich performance techniques. of pride. The music draws on many performance techniques of Zuihu, which greatly enriches the expressive power of erhu and sets a model for the creation of characteristic erhu music. The music is emotionally joyful, with smooth melody, witty modality and strong Henan local flavor. The adagio stretches like a song, expressing the joy and pride of the people of Henan. The bow is broad, the notes are distinct and full of charm. In the left-hand playing technique, the speed and strength of sliding, sliding, sliding, and sliding back, as well as the processing of special tones and colors, show the richness and variety of performance skills. The music also uses the sliding and kneading techniques of falling Hu Da glissando, vividly depicting the witty and witty personality of the Henan people, their happy life, and their praise for their hometown.

3. National rhythm. Folk music all over our country has a unique rhythm, and many erhu works have absorbed the strong local artistic style. These local styles not only have very different manifestations in playing techniques, but also have a variety of changes in rhythm. For example, in Guangdong's seven-tone temperament, its "3" and "7" tones are low, while "4" and "1" are high. Its pitch relationship is difficult to judge by the standard of temperament, such as " "Double Voices Hate" and "The Bells of the Zen Garden" are just naturally formed by folk artists' playing habits over the years, and over time have formed a unique rhythm style that is loved by the world. There is also a national temperament commonly used in Wanwanqiang music in the northwest region. The "7" sound is slightly lower than the ordinary "7" but slightly higher than "b7", and the "4" sound is slightly higher than the ordinary "4". Slightly lower than "#4". In addition, many stylistic pieces are commonly used to pick, press, knead and slide, such as "A Flower" and "Jianghe Water". When playing the characteristic sounds of this type of music, you should carefully figure out and identify the pitch feeling. In order to play a strong rural atmosphere and local style.

4. Character. In Erhu music, part of the characters are portrayed, and these images have obvious personalities and complex inner emotions. For example, "Er Spring Reflecting the Moon" is a true portrayal of the author A Bing's tragic and desolate life. The melody of the work is euphemistic and pleasant, with ups and downs, creating a scene of the waning moon like a knife, and an old man in rags and vicissitudes sitting by the ancient city spring. , revealing the dark age of "though the moon is bright, the world is dark; although the spring water is sweet, life is bitter". When playing, it should be highlighted in the dark night. The protagonist, A Bing, sits alone by the spring, deeply using the huqin to recall the old times like weeping, complaining, grief and anger, and pouring out his sorrow and bitterness to the world. The performance of music should be profound, the melody should be deep and subtle, and the emotions should be high-pitched. It is also necessary to accurately grasp the unique playing techniques of the music, such as the angular glissando, the "wave bow" sound played by the instantaneous change of the strength of the long note when the bow is moved, and the beat stress shift in the folk gongs and drums close to Jiangnan opera, etc. . It highlights the complex changes in the characters' inner emotions and creates a distinctive, unyielding artistic image. It expresses the author A Bing's resentment towards the miserable life in the old society and his longing for a better future.

Cultivating students to actively analyze the performance style and emotional connotation of music is a very important content in erhu teaching. Students can better understand the content of the works played from a theoretical perspective, which can improve students' ability to understand the works and the ability of aesthetics, appreciation and analysis. Play the works more realistically and vividly, which helps to improve the performance level.

In the teaching of music performance, the teaching of teachers and the learning of students are mutually coordinated and run in each other. Teachers should devote themselves to the study of each student's cognitive style, analytical ability, emotional thinking, performance technique and performance psychology. Teachers should make different teaching plans rationally because of different people. In teaching practice, they should not only point out the shortcomings of students, but also find out their own problems in teaching in time, so as to adjust or formulate new teaching plans immediately. Students should also actively work hard, think seriously, improve their self-learning ability under the guidance of teachers, and at the same time strengthen the cultivation of music theory and improve their ability to appreciate and analyze music works. good habits.