In terms of vocalization, yin is a "fluctuation" of the sound produced by the rapid exchange of the original sound with a slightly lower or slightly higher tone. About the meaning of the words Yin and Yi. "Yin", the qin book calls it "Ruoyin Ohran", or "chilling cicadas singing the autumn", which is named after the natural fluctuation of the sound effect close to the human voice or the cicada's chirping. "You", the original meaning is a kind of ape. Song Tian Zizhi's "Ancient Voices Gestures Map" explained: "If an ape climbs a tree, it climbs and chants the number." The word "Yu" takes the twists and turns of its movements, like an ape climbing a tree, stretching freely. Han Yu's poem "Listening to Master Ying Playing the Qin" has the sentence "It is impossible to climb the ranks", which is the most expressive. It is also like a rushing water pole, the water is turbulent and trembling, exhausting all energy, not leaving the original place.

Priority class - changes in the fluctuation speed of Yin Yi

The change in the speed of Yinyi's fluctuation is one of the most important methods of Yinyi's change. The slow yin, slow yin, urgent yin, and rapid yin in the Yin-Yu fingering are relative to the conventional yin and yin. Calculated on the basis that the constant chanting fluctuates three or four times per second, the slow chanting once or twice per second, and the urgent chanting five or six times per second.

As for the sound effects of rapid changes, slow chant, slow snoring, and gentleness, with a sense of ease and ease, are more than the beginning and end of the music, and are used when the emotional rhythm is more relaxed. For example, the qin piece "Autumn Moon in the Han Palace" uses more slowness.

Jiyin rushes like the wind shakes loose ends, and is more used when the mood is agitated or the rhythm is fast.

There are a lot of changes in priority, but there are very few songs dedicated to chanting or chanting. For example, the fastest qin song "Pheasant Chaofei" uses a lot of chanting and chanting. When there is contrast, there is change. Not only in a piece of music or a piece of music, but also in a kind of chanting fingering, there are often changes in priorities, some are slow and then urgent, and some are urgent and then slow, and the former is more common. Because the sound gradually attenuates after strumming, there is a sense of relative balance in the sense of first slowing and then rushing, which is a unique rule of plucked music. First, then slow down, there is a feeling of relaxation, and it is used for pauses and transitions in emotions or tunes.

Size Class - Changes in the Fluctuation Range of Yin Yi

The size of the fluctuating amplitude of the yin is also one of the most important methods for the change of the yin. The ancient spectrum is mostly discussed in terms of the size of the swinging part of Yinyi. For example, chanting is three or four points, and yawing is four or five points. However, due to the difference in high and low levels, the calculation of length is obviously not accurate. This method can only be used as a general reference. Now taking Zhonghui as the standard, the pitch fluctuation range of Chang Yin is about 50-70 cents, and the pitch fluctuation range of yin is about 70-96 cents. Ding Yin is only about 25 cents.

The effect of the big scorpion is magnanimous and swaying, and it mostly expresses turbulent or lofty feelings, such as the qin piece "Xiaoxiang Shuiyun", which uses the big scorpion to express the vastness of the mist and the turbulent artistic conception of the clouds and water, which is very vivid.

The fine chant and fine chant are solid and round, expressing delicate and lingering emotions, and the lyrical melody is very suitable. The smallest dingyin is mostly used at the end of the sound, and the rest of the rhythm is used to obtain the effect of endless curling.

The change of the chanting amplitude is also commonly used in a chanting method, such as yin, yin, long yin, and chang yin. The fluctuation amplitude is first large and then small, which tends to be consistent with the volume attenuation change, which is in line with stringed instruments. sound characteristics.

Sooner or later - the change of the start time of Yin Yi

From the time of the beginning of chanting, there are about the following five situations: before the sound is issued, when the sound is issued, after the sound is issued, in the sound, and at the end of the sound.

To chant before the sound is made, is to chant the strings before the strings are played. This method of chanting, because the sound position is not fixed when playing the strings, must be repeated several times before the hearing can be stabilized on the natural sound, so it has a feeling of erratic. .

When the sound is produced, it is chanted while playing the string to get the sound. Because the sound is chanted immediately, the natural sound is not stable, and the chanting sound is highlighted, with a slightly bumpy and dotted interest, and it has a coherent, fast and crunchy effect. Such as Chengsheng Yin, falling fingers Yin, and falling fingers are all like this.

After the sound is released, after the string is played, press the finger to sing. The ancients especially emphasized: "Every yin, yin, and yin are all played, and the aftertaste should be taken from it, and it should not be confused." This kind of conventional playing method is often used in general yin. The sound begins to chant, and the sound is the most stable.

Yin is used in the sound, and it is also called the late Yin Yi. It is used for a period of time after the sound is out, and it has the meaning of staying. Because of the contrast between immobility and movement, it plays a role of emphasis. Therefore, it is only used in special occasions. For example, resting yin and false yin belong to those who sing in the sound.

At the end of the sound, the sound is exhausted, and it is later than the middle of the sound, and there are inexhaustible meanings, such as unintentional and the like.

Long and short - the change of the duration of the yin

As mentioned above, since the sound gradually attenuates after the string is played, the duration of the chant also has a considerable relationship with the vocalization.

The length of yin and yin is clearly defined in ancient music. If Changyin is calculated at four or five turns at medium speed, then Changyin and Changyin should be more than four beats, Shaoyin should be about one beat, and a little half of yin. Shoot around. This kind of regulation has its historical reasons. Because most ancient musical scores do not have a beat, they must follow the legal rhythm, so the notation is unique. Huang Mianzhi, a qin master in the late Qing Dynasty, stipulated the number of revolutions and rhythm for all the chanting. Although the method is too restrictive, it can be proved that the length of the chanting once played a role in determining the rhythm. Today, it is still of great significance for the excavation of ancient genealogy.

Changyin and Changyu gradually weaken at the end of the sound, the sound is broken and the breath is continuous, and there is a momentum in the rapid beat, such as the Changyu in the first paragraph of the qin song "Flowing Water"; The long chant in the second paragraph of "Pingsha Falling Wild Goose" means that the sand is flat and water is far away. But too long yin is meaningless. For example, in the late Qing Dynasty, there were qin masters who often had more than ten beats of yin, but they could only do it occasionally.

The number of chanting and chanting is about four or five times, which is just within the best sound range for string music, and the sound is the most clear and round, which is a summary of long-term experience.

Shao Yin and Lu Yin are mostly used in the melody in progress, each according to the rhythm.

There is another way to use chanting on sounds with a longer duration: "There is less breath after chanting, and more aftertaste is preserved, so that it can be used as a back sound", which is now called suspending chanting. But only as a processing method, not written into the score.

Feature class - changes in the special effects of Yin Yi

In addition to the difference in the fluctuation range, there are also differences in characteristics. For example, the chanting method is mostly used above and below the natural sound, where the natural sound and the slightly lower sound alternate rapidly, and the action is empty and the lower one is actually upward, that is, the upper and lower are not forced; Alternate quickly, the action is virtual up and down, that is, the down is hard and the up is not hard. However, all of them exert force on the natural sound, and the chant and the yin sound tend to stabilize on the natural sound. However, due to the difference in the phoneme and the direction of the afterburner, the fluctuation of the yin is not a uniform and smooth curve movement, and its effect has its own characteristics. Interesting difference.

There are some chanting fingerings that use these different changes to obtain special chanting effects, rather than the usual fluctuations in speed, amplitude, and time.

Such as rubbing, rubbing with colliding meaning, specializing in picking up the sound according to the place, that is, the upper and the lower, which is the opposite of the usual rubbing force, emphasizing the sound above the standard, so it is not round and lively, but a crisp and powerful sound . It is mostly used in impassioned songs, and the qin songs "Returning Lai Ci" and "Li Sao" are most used, as well as "Chu Ge" and "Qiu Hong".

Wandering and dangling go back and forth between the natural sound and the upper (lower) position. Both ends use force, but they are more relaxed. The two sounds are emphasized. The famous Song Dynasty qin piece "Fisherman's Song" is used to express the sound of the scull, and the scene of joy and happiness.

This is a special fingering, just to cite two examples, to see.

Combination classes - variations used in combination with other fingerings

The combination of Yin-Yi and other fingerings adds new content to the changes and performance of Yin-Yu. Such as Chuo, Note, Advance, Retreat, Drift, Intercourse, and Tuo, etc., the two fingerings often complement each other, making Yinyou fingering more flexible and changeable. Since the left fingering of Guqin is very rich, it is most likely to be used in combination with Yinyi, but Yinyi in portamento is commonly used. There are several ways to use Yin in portamento: some are used successively with portamento, such as Chuoyin, Zhuyin, advance and retreat, which belong to the first glide and then the yin, and the Yinyin belongs to the first yin and then the glide; The simultaneous use of yin, such as walking yin and dang yin, is to sing yin while sliding; some are used interactively with glissando, such as flying yin, reciprocating yin and so on. Such as walking chanting, the predecessors described it as "flying birds contain cicadas", and they slid while chanting and trembling.

Another example is the reciprocal chant, which is used in the exchange, that is, in the large-scale sliding of the exchange, using chant on one of the phonemes not only emphasizes the phoneme of chant, but also integrates small fluctuations in large fluctuations, which complement each other. , appears to be endless. The famous qin song "Xiaoxiang Shuiyun" in the Southern Song Dynasty was used to describe the realm of sky light, clouds, shadows and smog, which is extremely vivid.

Using Yin Yi when playing with the right hand is a combination of continuous use of Yin Yi. For example, double chants, double chants, slow chants, separate chants, or the same two chants, or one slow and one urgent, or continuous, are also the combined use of chants. Co-exist for reference.

Throughout more than a thousand years of Yin-Yu fingering, it has been continuously developed from method to application, and there are more than 60 kinds of famous and well-established methods. So many fingerings, it is not easy to understand in the heart, and it is not easy to master it. If scholars do not devote themselves to exploring, it is difficult to get the clues.